Design of New Composites Nano-Catalysts for Naphtha Reforming Process: Experiments and Process Modeling
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The naphtha catalytic reforming process is evaluated by designing new composite nano-catalysts. Three catalysts were prepared for this process. The first catalyst was molybdenum carbide composite with platinum over HY zeolite (Mo2C.Pt/HY zeolite), the second catalyst was molybdenum carbide composite with platinum over modified zeolite by cerium nitrate (Mo2C.Pt/CeY zeolite), and the last catalyst was bimetallic titanium and platinum with a titanium content of 1% and platinum content of 0.11% over HY zeolite (Pt.Ti/HY zeolite). All catalysts were tested with several tests, mainly X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), BET surface area, and pore volume. All these substances were applied as catalysts for the reforming process of Iraqi heavy naphtha at the following operating conditions: reaction temperature (480, 500, and 520 ), reaction pressure (10, 12.5, and 15 bar), liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) at 2 hr-1, and constant hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio (H2/ HC) of 4. All the reforming reactions occurred in a packed bed pilot plant reactor to investigate its stability and activity during the reforming process. All the developed catalyst samples showed sensational stability even at operating under difficult circumstances. The best catalyst was Pt.Ti/HY zeolite based on the results obtained with respect to the octane number (86.2) at 520 and 15 bar. Also, a mathematical model to describe the reforming process with high accuracy was built and simulated using gPROMS software. The results were very satisfying since the most significant error with the wt% of reformate was 4.9% (the experimental aromatics content was 23.94 wt.%, while the predicted result was 21.67 wt.%), while Research Octane Number (RON) error was 4.7% (the experimental RON was 81, whereas the predicted value of RON was 85) among all the results meaning that the simulating was valid to describe the process.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
THIS IS AN OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE UNDER THE CC BY LICENSE http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
References
Ahmedzeki NS, Al-Tabbakh BA. Catalytic Reforming of Iraqi Naphtha Over Pt-Ti/HY Zeolite Catalyst. Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 2016; 17(3): 45–56.
Al-Taaie AK, Mohammad WS, Jubear AJ. Numerical Simulation of the Collector Angle Effect on the Performance of the Solar Chimney Power Plant. Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 2016; 12(2): 79–89.
Baraket L, Ghorbel A, Grange P. Selective Catalytic Reduction of no by Ammonia on V2O5–SO42−/Tio2 Catalysts Prepared by the Sol–Gel Method. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2007; 72(1–2): 37–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.10.001
Rahimpour MR, Jafari M, Iranshahi D. Progress in Catalytic Naphtha Reforming Process: A Review. Applied Energy 2013; 109:79–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.080
Lee S. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing 2006; 1: Taylor & Francis US. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1081/E-ECHP
Parker JE, Gomez-Gonzalez M, Van Lishout Y, Islam H, Duran Martin D, Ozkaya D, Quinn PD, Schuster ME, a Cell Design for Correlative Hard X-Ray Nanoprobe and Electron Microscopy Studies of Catalysts Under in Situ Conditions. Journal Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600577521013576
Lin Z, Ammal S.C, Denny S.R, Rykov S.A, You K.E, Heyden A, Chen J.G. Unraveling Unique Surface Chemistry of Transition Metal Nitrides in Controlling Selective C–O Bond Scission Pathways of Glycerol. JACS Au 2022; 2(2): 367–379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.1c00403
Hodala J.L, Kotni S, Chelliahn B. Metal Carbide as a Potential non Noble Metal Catalyst for Naphtha Reforming. Fuel 2021; 288: 119610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119610
S. Sarıkoç. Fuels of the Diesel-Gasoline Engines and Their Properties. Diesel and Gasoline Engines 2020; 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89044
Calvin YL, Hariyanto PAT, Usman AI, Masuku M, Wibowo CS, Anggarani, R, Sugiarto B. Volatility and Physicochemical Properties of Gasoline-Ethanol Blends with Gasoline RON-Based 88, 90, and 92. Fuel 2022; 307: 121850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121850
Tregubenko VY, Vinichenko NV, Talzi VP, Belyi AS. Catalytic Properties of the Platinum Catalyst Supported on Alumina Modified by Oxalic Acid in N-Heptane Reforming. Russian Chemical Bulletin, 2020; 69: 1719–1723. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11172-020-2954-9
Shan P, Niu P, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lu N, Wang Y, Fan B, Li R. SSZ-13 Supported Ir as an Efficient Catalyst for Methylcyclopentane Ring-Opening Reaction. Catalysis Communications 2021; 154: 106311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106311
Ahmedzeki NS, Al-Tabbakh BA, Antwan MB, Yilmaz S. Heavy Naphtha Upgrading by Catalytic Reforming Over Novel Bi-Functional Zeolite Catalyst. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 2018; 125: 1127–1138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-018-1432-y
Fatimah S, Ragadhita R, Al Husaeni DF, Nandiyanto ABD. how to Calculate Crystallite Size from X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Using Scherrer Method. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2022; 2(1): 65–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v2i1.37647
Lin C, Pan H, Yang Z, Han X, Tian P, Li P, Xiao Z, Xu J, Han YF. Effects of Cerium Doping on Pt–Sn/Al2O3 Catalysts for N-Heptane Reforming. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2020; 59(14): 6424–6434. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05953
Verma V, Mishra A, Anand M, Farooqui SA, Sinha AK. Catalytic Hydrocracking of Inedible Palm Stearin for the Production of Drop-In Aviation Fuel and Comparison with Other Inedible Oils. Renewable Energy 2022; 199:1440–1450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.076
Tang Y, Luo G, Zhong J, Chen K, Xu C, Cheng Z. Effects of Stagnant Zone on the Effectiveness Factor in a Trickle Bed. Chemical Engineering Science 2022; 248:117211. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2021.117211
Mederos FS, Elizalde I, Ancheyta J. Steady‐State and Dynamic Reactor Models for Hydrotreatment of Oil Fractions: A Review. Catalysis Reviews 2009; 51(4):485–607. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01614940903048612
Jarullah AT, Mujtaba IM, Wood AS. Improving Fuel Quality by Whole Crude Oil Hydrotreating: a Kinetic Model for Hydrodeasphaltenization in a Trickle Bed Reactor. Applied Energy 2012; 94: 182–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.044
Etemadi O, Yen TF. Aspects of Selective Adsorption Among Oxidized Sulfur Compounds in Fossil Fuels. Energy & Fuels 2007;21(3):1622–1627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ef070016b
Devatha CP, Vishnu Vishal A, Purna Chandra Rao J. Investigation of Physical and Chemical Characteristics on Soil Due to Crude Oil Contamination and its Remediation, Applied Water Science 2019; 9: 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0970-4
Šašić S, Veriotti T, Kotecki T, Austin S. Comparing the Predictions by NIR Spectroscopy Based Multivariate Models for Distillation Fractions of Crude Oils by F-Test. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2023; 286: 122023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2022.122023
Hasan ZW, Hasan ZW, Sultan AJ, Sabri LS, Ali JM, Salih HG, Majdi HS, Al-Dahhan MH. Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Tube Bundle Designs on Heat Transfer Coefficient in Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed Reactor for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 2022; 136:106169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106169
Jarullah AT, Mujtaba IM, Wood AS. Kinetic Model Development and Simulation of Simultaneous Hydrodenitrogenation and Hydrodemetallization of Crude Oil in Trickle Bed Reactor. Fuel 2011: 90(6): 2165–2181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.025
Jiménez F, Kafarov V, Nunez M. Modeling of Industrial Reactor for Hydrotreating of Vacuum Gas Oils: Simultaneous0Hydrodesulfurization, Hydrodenitrogenation, and Hydrodearomatization Reactions. Chemical Engineering Journal 2007; 134(1–3):200–208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.03.080
Jarullah AT, Ahmed AM, Hussein HM, Ahmed AN, Mohammed HJ. Evaluation of Synthesized Pt/HY-H- Mordenite Composite Catalyst for Isomerization of Light Naphtha. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 2023; 30(1–3):94–103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.30.1.9
Hamadi AS. Selective Additives for Improvement of Gasoline Octane Number. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 2010; 17(2): 22–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.17.2.03
Ibrahim MM, A’reff HA, Jarallah AT. Kinetic Models Study of Hydrogenation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vacuum Gas Oil and Basrah Crude Oil Reaction. Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 2009; 16(4): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.16.4.01