تأثير الجفاف على حصاد مياه الأمطار في حوض الخوصر، العراق

محتوى المقالة الرئيسي

Omar M. A. Mahmood-Agha
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-1554
Saleh M. S. Zakaria
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2167-6806
Shatha H.D. AL-Zakar
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9690-663X

الملخص

تعتبر علاقة الامطار-الجريان السطحي عملية معقدة وترتبط ارتباطًا مباشرًا بحياة الإنسان والنباتات والحيوانات وأماكن وجودهم. تتطلب نمذجة هذه العملية نموذجًا هيدرولوجيًا مناسبًا من أجل تحديد نتائج دقيقة لحجم وذروة تصريف الجريان السطحي الممكن  استخدامها في تخطيط وإدارة الموارد المائية.


تؤثر العديد من العوامل على كميات الجريان السطحي التي يمكن حفظها ، وفي مقدمتها تغير المناخ والجفاف. في هذه الدراسة تم استخدام HEC-HMS ومعايرته لتقدير أحجام الجريان السطحي وذروة التصريف للفترة من 1986 الى 2018. تم استخدام الطريقة الأولية والثابتة (Initial and Constant) لحساب فواقد الامطار. تم استخدام وحدة هيدروغراف سنايدر  (Snyder's UH)  كطريقة لتحويل المطر الزائد الى سيح مباشر. ومن ثم تم تحليل خصائص الجفاف بالاعتماد على مؤشر Z الصيني المعدل (MCZI).


أظهرت النتائج إمكانية تطبيق نظام حصاد مياه الأمطار لتحقيق وفرة المياه التي يمكن استخدامها لتعويض ندرة المياه في منطقة الدراسة. تراوح الجريان السطحي الموسمي 1361.3-19706.8 (* 103 م3) خلال فترة الدراسة 1986-2018. ومن حيث شدة الجفاف، شهدت المنطقة أشد فتراتها في الفترة 2007-2008، بمعدل 4.63، تلتها الفترة 1998-1999 بمعدل 2.48، وكلاهما مصنف على أنه جفاف شديد. وكشفت الدراسة أن سنوات معينة شهدت كثافة جفاف أعلى وأدت إلى جمع أفضل للمياه مقارنة بالسنوات الأخرى التي تأثرت فيها المنطقة بالجفاف.


 

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